INSIGHTS
Insights
Expert regulatory analysis, practical guides and industry commentary from our team.
OCC National Trust Charter or State Money Transmitter Licences: Which Route for Stablecoin and Payments Firms in 2026 and 2027
OCC national trust charter or state money transmitter licences: Interpretive Letter 1192, capital, time limits, ongoing supervision and how the GENIUS Act changes the choice.
GENIUS Act for Exchanges and Custodians: What Digital Asset Service Providers Must Do Before 18 July 2028
What exchanges, brokers and custodians must do under the GENIUS Act: foreign issuer checks from 18 January 2027, the 18 July 2028 listing ban, coin inventories and delisting plans.
How to Become a Permitted Payment Stablecoin Issuer Under the GENIUS Act
The routes, application contents and decision timetable for becoming a permitted payment stablecoin issuer before the GENIUS Act takes effect on 18 January 2027.
Unlicensed Money Transmission: When Crypto, Stablecoin and Payments Firms Need State Licences
When crypto, stablecoin and payments firms need state money transmitter licences, what Texas, Georgia and Washington did in 2026, and how to regularise before an examiner or partner bank asks.
MSB Call Report: What Money Transmitters File Each Quarter Through NMLS
The MSB Call Report is due 45 days after each quarter end. Due dates for 2026 and 2027, the four sections, state-specific additions and the errors that lead to enforcement.
NMLS Annual Renewal for Money Transmitters: The 2026 Checklist
The 2026 NMLS renewal window for money transmitter licences runs from 1 November to 31 December. What regulators check, the fees, reinstatement rules and the deficiencies that stop a renewal.
The NMLS Mortgage Call Report and Annual Renewal: What Licensed Mortgage Companies File and When
The Mortgage Call Report is due 45 days after each quarter and licences renew from 1 November to 31 December 2026. Dates, sections, Form Version 7, fees, renewal blockers and the other filings due by March 2027.
Mortgage Loan Originator (MLO) Licensing Under the SAFE Act: Education, Test, Sponsorship and Renewal
What an individual needs for a state MLO licence under the SAFE Act: 20 hours of education, the 75% national test, background checks, sponsorship, temporary authority and the 2026 renewal dates.
How to Get a Mortgage Company Licence in the US: NMLS Steps, State Requirements, Timeline and Costs
A step-by-step guide to licensing a US mortgage broker, lender or servicer through NMLS: licence types, forms, net worth and bonds by state, fees, timelines and the filings that follow.
BNPL and Earned Wage Access in the US: Where State Licensing Now Applies
Where US states now license buy now, pay later and earned wage access providers, what New York's BNPL proposal and the CFPB's EWA opinion mean, and verified state fee and tip rules.
Bank Partnership or Your Own Lending Licences: How US Fintech Lenders Choose
How US fintech lenders choose between a bank partnership and their own state lending licences, and where true lender risk stands in 2026 after Illinois and Colorado.
US Lending Licences by State: Which Lenders Need One and How to Apply Through NMLS
Which US states require a licence for consumer and small business lending, what California, New York, Texas and Florida charge and require, and how to apply and renew through NMLS.
Annual Compliance for US Advisers and Broker-Dealers: Form ADV, Audits, Reviews and Key Dates to 2028
The annual cycle for US investment advisers and broker-dealers: the Form ADV update, brochure delivery, Form PF, the broker-dealer audit and FOCUS reports, FINRA certifications, continuing education and the key dates from now to 2028.
FINRA New Member Application: How to Become a Broker-Dealer, the Timeline and What FINRA Asks
How to become a US broker-dealer: Form BD, the FINRA New Member Application, the 180-day timeline, the 14 standards for admission, net capital, principals and exams, and the enhanced Form NMA in use since April 2026.
SEC or State Registration for Investment Advisers: The AUM Thresholds and How to Decide
When an investment adviser registers with the SEC and when with a state: the $100 million, $110 million and $90 million thresholds, how to calculate regulatory assets under management, the exceptions, non-US routes and switching deadlines.
Insurtech Licensing in the US: When an Embedded Insurance or Comparison Platform Needs a Producer Licence
When a US insurtech, embedded insurance or comparison platform must hold a producer licence, how New York and Washington treat referral fees, and the three licensing models platforms use.
MGA Licensing in the US: State MGA Laws, Carrier Agreements and What Regulators Check
Who counts as an MGA under US state law, the producer and MGA licences an MGA needs, the contract terms MGA laws require, and what insurers and regulators check.
How to License an Insurance Agency in All 50 US States: Resident Licence, Non-Resident Licences, NIPR and Timeline
The order of filings, the DRLP, NIPR non-resident applications, state fees and the CE and renewal duties that keep a 50-state insurance agency licensed.
ESMA's 8 January 2027 Deadline for Non-MiCA Stablecoins: What EU CASPs Must Do
ESMA expects EU CASPs to remove non-MiCA-compliant stablecoins and remediate client exposure by 8 January 2027. Which stablecoins are compliant, and the delisting, client, control and regulator steps to complete first.
FCA Crypto Application Checklist: Documents and a Weekly Plan to 28 February 2027
The FCA cryptoasset application window closes on 28 February 2027. A readiness checklist, the documents the FCA expects in a complete application, and a week-by-week plan from 20 October 2026.
BNPL for Retailers and Marketplaces: When You Need FCA Permission After 15 July 2026
When a retailer, marketplace or checkout provider offering interest-free instalments needs its own FCA permission after 15 July 2026, the exemptions that remain, the promotion rules merchants still carry, and what to do if the temporary regime was missed.
Canada's Stablecoin Act: Who Must Register With the Bank of Canada, Reserve Rules and Timing
Canada's Stablecoin Act was enacted on 26 March 2026 and is expected in force in 2027. Who must register with the Bank of Canada, the reserve and redemption rules, and how it sits with FINTRAC and the RPAA.
FINTRAC MSB Registration Revoked or Expired: Causes, Consequences and How to Re-register
FINTRAC revoked 165 MSB registrations in 2026 up to mid-September, most of them virtual currency businesses. Why registrations are revoked or expire, what it means for banking, and how to re-register.
RPAA Annual Report 2027: What Payment Service Providers Must File With the Bank of Canada by 31 March
The next RPAA annual report is due by 31 March 2027 and covers 2026. What each of the six sections asks, the evidence the Bank of Canada expects, and the gaps to close before 31 December 2026.
CASS 15 Resolution Pack: CASS 10A Contents and 48-Hour Retrieval
A CASS 10A resolution pack is the controlled set of documents and records needed to understand a safeguarding institution's relevant-funds arrangements if it fails or the regulator requests the information.
Multi-Jurisdiction Regulatory Reporting for Payment and E-Money Firms: UK, EU, Canada, US, Australia and Hong Kong
A payment group licensed in several countries cannot operate regulatory reporting as one global return. It can standardise data, reconciliations, controls and evidence, but each licensed entity remains subject to local definitions, deadlines, submission systems and accountable management.
CASS 15 Annual Safeguarding Audit: Scope, Evidence and Deadlines
The annual safeguarding audit under SUP 3A examines whether an in-scope payment or electronic money institution maintained adequate systems to comply with the relevant-funds regime throughout the period and complied at the reporting date.
CASS 15 Daily Reconciliation and Breach Management: Internal, External and D+1 Controls
CASS 15 requires safeguarding institutions to perform internal and external safeguarding reconciliations as frequently as necessary and at least once on each reconciliation day. The control is not complete when two totals are compared. Firms must use reliable records, apply a consistent reconciliation point, correct shortfalls and discrepancies, investigate causes and retain evidence of review.
REP027 Safeguarding Return: Monthly FCA Reporting Guide for Payment Institutions and EMIs
REP027 is the monthly safeguarding return required from safeguarding institutions under SUP 16.14A of the Financial Conduct Authority Handbook. It is generally due within 15 business days after each calendar month end and should be produced from the same controlled records used for the firm's CASS 15 safeguarding reconciliations.
UK CASS 15 Safeguarding Requirements
The CASS 15 safeguarding regime in force since 7 May 2026: scope, reconciliation, monthly returns, the annual audit, resolution packs and notifications.
Regulatory Reporting for Multi-Licence Payment Firms
What a payment group reports to each regulator, when it is due, how the calendars clash and why the same customer funds must show the same figure in every return.
Safeguarding Requirements by Jurisdiction: UK, EU, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia
How client fund safeguarding obligations differ across the UK, EU, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia, and what that means for multi-licence firms.
CASS 15 Software: How EMI and Payment Firms Can Automate Safeguarding Compliance
What should CASS 15 software actually do? A practical guide for EMIs and payment institutions covering daily reconciliation, breaches, REP027 reporting, resolution packs and audit evidence.
ASIC Online Broker Review 2026: DDO, Onboarding and High-Risk Investment Compliance
ASIC's 2026 surveillance of online brokers found weaknesses in target market determinations, onboarding controls and fractional-share disclosures across nine entities.
FCA Mini-Bond and Loan Note Warning 2026: What Regulated Firms and Introducers Need to Review
The FCA's 20 August 2026 warning on unregulated loan notes and mini-bonds reaches beyond issuers, covering financial promotions, introducer commissions, perimeter risk and payment firms.
Canada RPAA Compliance 2026: New Bank of Canada Guidance on Safeguarding, Senior Officers and Annual Reporting
The Bank of Canada's 14 August 2026 retail payments FAQs set out what registered PSPs must evidence under the RPAA: trust legal opinions, safeguarding that does not rely on deposit insurance, the 31 March annual report, senior officers and third-party service providers.
FCA Review of an Investment or Wealth Firm in 2026: How to Prepare and Respond
An FCA review of an investment adviser or wealth manager is an evidence exercise. In 2026 the FCA's Consumer Investments priorities, its August wealth management survey and its July financial crime findings show where supervisors will look first.
Appointed Representative Oversight for Investment and Wealth Principals in 2026
A principal accepts responsibility for the regulated activities its Appointed Representatives carry on within the appointment. In 2026 the FCA expects investment and wealth principals to show AR-level evidence on advice quality, Consumer Duty, financial crime and inactive ARs.
Investment Firm Compliance Monitoring Programme 2026: What Should Firms Test?
An investment firm's compliance monitoring programme should prove that its controls work in the business it runs today. In 2026 that means testing suitability, ongoing advice delivery, Consumer Duty outcomes, financial crime and AR oversight against the FCA's latest findings.
COBS Suitability for Investment Advice and Wealth Management in 2026
Investment suitability is not a single questionnaire or risk score. COBS 9 and COBS 9A require firms to gather the right information and show a reasonable basis for every recommendation and portfolio decision, while CP26/10 proposes the biggest change to the advice rules in years.
Consumer Duty for Investment and Wealth Firms in 2026: What Firms Need to Evidence
Consumer Duty in investment and wealth management is now about evidence: whether customers get the service they pay for, fair value across every layer of cost, and support that works through the whole relationship.
FCA Compliance Function in 2026: SYSC 6.1, Independence, Resources and Oversight
What SYSC 6.1 requires of an FCA compliance function, which provisions bind your firm type, and how to show the function is independent, resourced and effective.
FCA AI Governance for Financial Services Firms in 2026
The FCA regulates AI through existing rules, not a separate rulebook. What that means for accountability, Consumer Duty, vendors and oversight, and what the July 2026 Mills Review signals.
FCA Operational Incident Reporting 2027: New Rules and Implementation
From 18 March 2027 firms report operational incidents that meet FCA thresholds through one Connect form: within 24 hours of deciding a threshold is met, or 4 hours for payment firms.
FCA Material Third-Party Reporting 2027: How Firms Should Prepare
From 18 March 2027 in-scope firms must notify the FCA of new or changed material third-party arrangements and submit an annual register. Who is in scope and how to prepare.
FCA Non-Financial Misconduct Rules 2026: What Firms Must Do Now
The FCA non-financial misconduct rules have applied since 1 September 2026. Firms now need HR, compliance and senior management to identify, investigate and record serious misconduct consistently.
SM&CR Statements of Responsibilities and Management Responsibilities Maps in 2026
What PS26/6 changed for Statements of Responsibilities from 24 April 2026, which firms need a Management Responsibilities Map, and what Phase 2 could bring.
FCA Principle 11 and SUP 15 Notifications in 2026: When Should a Firm Notify?
Principle 11 and SUP 15 require firms to tell the FCA what it would reasonably expect to know. The June 2026 examples, how to judge significance and how to notify.
FCA VREQs and OIREQs in 2026: Requirements, Restrictions and Remediation
VREQs and OIREQs restrict what an FCA firm can do. How the two routes differ under section 55L FSMA, how to stay compliant, remediate and apply for removal.
FCA Section 165 Information Requests in 2026: How Firms Should Respond
A section 165 notice is a formal FCA demand for information or documents. How to scope it, produce accurate data, meet the deadline and understand the consequences of non-compliance.
FCA Regulatory Change Management in 2026: A Practical Framework for Regulated Firms
A practical regulatory change framework for FCA-regulated firms, using the 2026 Regulatory Priorities reports, the May 2026 Grid and a dated calendar of the rules now landing.
Consumer Credit Compliance Audits in 2026: What Should an FCA Review Cover?
A consumer credit compliance audit should test whether the firm's controls work in the business as it runs today. No FCA rule requires one standard annual audit, so the scope should follow the firm's permissions, risks and the FCA's 2026 priorities.
Consumer Credit Regulatory Reporting in 2026: CCR009, Product Sales Data and FCA Expectations
CCR009 applies to credit brokers, debt firms and credit information providers, while Product Sales Data applies to in-scope lenders. Each return has its own scope, frequency and deadline, and the FCA checks the data for quality and outliers.
Consumer Credit Complaints and Redress in 2026: What FCA-Regulated Firms Need to Get Right
Consumer credit complaints are one of the clearest sources of regulatory evidence a firm holds. DISP requires prompt, fair handling within set time limits, root cause analysis and redress, and the FCA has made complaints and redress a 2026 priority.
Appointed Representative Oversight for Consumer Credit Principal Firms in 2026
A consumer credit principal is responsible for the regulated activity its appointed representatives carry on. In 2026 the FCA is using AR data to target the highest-risk principals, so oversight must be evidenced across onboarding, monitoring, annual review and exit.
Consumer Duty for Consumer Credit Firms in 2026: What Firms Need to Evidence
Consumer Duty for consumer credit firms is now an evidence question. Lenders, brokers and debt firms must show customers get good outcomes, find where outcomes are weaker and act, with the FCA focused in 2026 on access to credit, support in financial difficulty and complaints.
FCA Review of a Mortgage Firm in 2026: How to Prepare and Respond
An FCA review of a mortgage firm should be treated as an evidence exercise. The regulator may begin through ordinary supervision, a data-driven question, a multi-firm review, a request under its formal information-gathering powers or concerns arising from complaints, regulatory returns or other inte
Mortgage Financial Promotions, Referral Arrangements and Conditional Selling in 2026
Mortgage financial promotions should be reviewed as part of the complete customer acquisition journey. A website can comply with MCOB 3A while an estate-agent conversation, lead generator or referral script creates a misleading impression about the customer's options. In 2026, that wider journey mat
Vulnerable Mortgage Customers in 2026: A Practical FCA Framework for Brokers and Lenders
Vulnerability in mortgage business should be treated as an operating issue, not a label added to the customer record. The FCA expects firms to recognise where personal circumstances make a customer especially susceptible to harm and to take appropriate steps so that those customers receive outcomes
Mortgage Affordability Assessments in 2026: MCOB 11.6 Controls for Lenders
Mortgage affordability under MCOB 11.6 is a lender control, not simply a calculation performed at the point of application. A mortgage lender needs to be able to demonstrate that the customer can pay the sums due, explain the evidence and assumptions supporting that conclusion and maintain a framewo
Second Charge Mortgage Compliance in 2026: What Lenders and Brokers Need to Fix
The FCA's 12 March 2026 review of second charge lenders and brokers found weak debt consolidation advice, unrealistic expenditure assumptions, poorly evidenced fees of up to 15% of the loan and QA that checked paperwork instead of suitability.
Mortgage Compliance Monitoring Programme 2026: What Should Firms Actually Test?
A mortgage compliance monitoring programme should tell senior management whether the firm's regulatory controls work in practice. It should not be a calendar that automatically repeats the same reviews because those reviews appeared in last year's plan.
Mortgage Appointed Representative Oversight in 2026: What FCA Principal Firms Need to Evidence
A mortgage principal does not simply allow an Appointed Representative to use its regulatory permissions.
Consumer Duty for Mortgage Brokers in 2026: What Firms Need to Evidence
Consumer Duty for mortgage brokers is no longer an implementation project. In 2026, the practical question is whether the firm can demonstrate that customers receive good outcomes across the mortgage journey and whether management acts when the evidence shows otherwise.
Mortgage File Reviews and Quality Assurance in 2026: What Good QA Should Test
Mortgage file reviews should answer a simple question: does the evidence show that the customer received suitable advice and an appropriate outcome? A quality assurance process that checks only whether documents are present, forms are signed and the lender issued an offer can mis
MCOB Mortgage Advice Suitability in 2026: What Good Advice Needs to Evidence
Mortgage advice suitability is not the same as establishing that a customer can obtain a mortgage from a lender. MCOB 4.7A requires a firm giving advice on a regulated mortgage contract to take reasonable steps to ensure that the mortgage is suitable for that customer's needs and circumstances.
FCA Review of an Insurance Firm in 2026: How to Prepare and Respond
An FCA review should be treated as a regulatory evidence exercise, not as an emergency document-production project. The regulator may begin with a focused information request, a supervisory meeting, a thematic or multi-firm exercise or a concern arising from data, complaints or other intelligence.
FCA Regulatory Reporting for Insurance Brokers and MGAs in 2026
Regulatory reporting for an insurance broker or MGA is not simply a calendar-management exercise. The FCA uses regulatory returns as a supervisory data source, which means the quality, consistency and explainability of the information matter as much as submitting the return by the deadline.
Consumer Understanding in Insurance in 2026: What the FCA Expects
Consumer understanding is not satisfied merely because an insurance firm has provided the disclosures required by ICOBS or placed all material policy terms somewhere in the customer documentation.
Insurance Claims Handling Compliance in 2026: What the FCA Expects
Claims handling is where an insurance product is tested against the event it was sold to protect. For customers, this is often the point at which the value of the policy becomes real.
Insurance Compliance Audits in 2026: What Should an MGA or Broker Review Cover?
An insurance compliance audit should establish whether the firm's regulatory framework works in the business that exists today. For an MGA or broker, that means going beyond policies and testing the way products are designed, distributed, sold, serviced and monitored in practice.
Insurance Appointed Representative Oversight in 2026: What Principal Firms Must Evidence
An insurance principal accepts responsibility for the regulated activity its appointed representatives carry on. SUP 12 sets the onboarding, review and self-assessment duties, and the FCA added findings on inactive ARs in April 2026.
Insurance TOBAs and Broker Agency Agreements in 2026: What a Regulatory Review Should Cover
An insurance TOBA should describe the relationship the insurer, MGA and broker actually run. Authority, product information, money handling, remuneration, complaints, audit and exit terms all have regulatory consequences.
MGA Compliance Monitoring Programme 2026: What to Test and How to Evidence It
An MGA compliance monitoring programme should show management whether the controls that matter actually work. It should follow the MGA's real model and the FCA's 2026 insurance priorities, not a calendar of policy reviews.
Broker Oversight for MGAs in 2026: A Practical FCA Distribution Governance Framework
An MGA does not supervise an independent broker the way a principal supervises an appointed representative, but PROD 4, fair value and Consumer Duty still require it to know how its products are sold and to act when distribution harms value.
How to Conduct an Insurance Fair Value Assessment in 2026: Evidence, Data and Governance
An insurance fair value assessment asks whether the total price the customer pays bears a reasonable relationship to the quality of the cover and service. PROD 4 requires the evidence, the governance and action where value fails.
Consumer Duty for Insurance Brokers and MGAs in 2026
Consumer Duty in insurance is now about evidence of customer outcomes across the distribution chain. Brokers and MGAs must know which part of the outcome they control, share information and act on what claims, complaints and testing show.
Delegated Authority Compliance in 2026: A Practical Guide for MGAs and Insurance Firms
Delegated authority lets insurers place underwriting, claims and administration with MGAs and other firms. The FCA is reviewing delegated and outsourced claims oversight in 2026, with findings expected in early 2027.
Insurance Broker Compliance in 2026: FCA Requirements for UK Brokers
Insurance broker compliance is best understood through the customer journey, from marketing and demands and needs to remuneration, client money, renewal, claims support and complaints, rather than as a list of Handbook chapters.
MGA Compliance in 2026: FCA Requirements for UK MGAs
An MGA compliance framework should follow the business the firm actually runs, because MGA is a commercial label, not an FCA category. Permissions, PROD 4, Consumer Duty, delegated authority, claims and monitoring should work as one system.
PROD 4 Compliance for MGAs in 2026: What the FCA Expects
PROD 4 compliance for an MGA starts with its actual role in each product. Manufacturer status brings product approval, target market, fair value and review duties, and the rules changed in December 2025 and June 2026.
Wind-Down Planning: What Makes a Plan the FCA Will Accept
What separates a wind-down plan that satisfies the resources condition from a template: triggers, costed timelines, funding and a tested operational sequence.
Transaction Monitoring Effectiveness: Calibration, Tuning and Evidencing That It Works
How to calibrate and tune transaction monitoring, run above and below the line testing, and evidence to the FCA that the system detects what it should.
Why FCA Authorisation Applications Fail: The Gateway Assessment Explained
The real reasons applications stall or are withdrawn, how the gateway assessment is applied, and what a case officer is testing in each part of the pack.
Mortgage Lending: Affordability, Vulnerability and Arrears Handling Under MCOB
What MCOB requires on affordability and stress testing, how forbearance is judged in practice, and the outcome data mortgage lenders should be reporting.
Insurance Product Oversight and Fair Value: What the FCA Expects Under PROD 4
How manufacturers and distributors evidence fair value under PROD 4, where remuneration in the distribution chain erodes value, and what boards should see.
Motor Finance Redress: What Lenders and Brokers Must Have in Place
Where the FCA motor finance redress scheme stands after the Upper Tribunal partial suspension, what firms must still do, and the data, complaints and provisioning work that cannot wait.
The Appointed Representatives Regime: Principal Oversight, Self-Assessment and Regulatory Liability
What the enhanced AR regime requires of principals, from pre-appointment due diligence to the annual self-assessment, and where liability crystallises.
The Consumer Duty Board Report: Turning Outcomes Data Into Evidence the FCA Accepts
What separates a Consumer Duty board report that closes the question from one that invites an information request: outcome metrics, segmentation and recorded challenge.
Operational Resilience: Important Business Services, Impact Tolerances and Severe but Plausible Testing
How to identify important business services, set defensible impact tolerances, map dependencies and test scenarios the regulator will accept as severe but plausible.
Consumer Credit Compliance Under CONC: Affordability, Forbearance and Redress Exposure
How CONC affordability and forbearance obligations are supervised in practice, where redress exposure accumulates, and what lenders must be able to evidence.
SM&CR Reasonable Steps: How Senior Managers Evidence They Discharged Their Duty
What the duty of responsibility actually requires of a senior manager, and the contemporaneous record that distinguishes reasonable steps from hindsight.
FCA Thematic and Multi-Firm Reviews: What Happens When Your Firm Is Selected
How multi-firm and thematic reviews are run, what the information request really tests, and what firms not selected still need to do when the findings are published.
FCA Supervisory Priorities for 2026/27: What Regulated Firms Should Act On
The FCA set its 2026 supervisory agenda in nine Regulatory Priorities reports. The themes that matter for payments, credit, insurance and investment firms, and what boards should evidence.
Dear CEO Letters: How to Respond and What the FCA Expects to See
What a Dear CEO letter requires now that Regulatory Priorities reports have replaced portfolio letters, how to run the gap assessment and how to document a board response that closes the issue.
FCA Compliance Support: What Retained Compliance Actually Covers
What retained FCA compliance support actually covers, what remains with the firm under SYSC and SM&CR, and how boards evidence oversight of an external provider.
FCA Compliance Consultant: Scope, Costs and How to Choose
What an FCA compliance consultant actually does, how engagements are priced, when firms appoint one, what the FCA expects when compliance work is outsourced, and the questions to ask before engaging.
Compliance Training for FCA-Regulated Firms
What training FCA-regulated firms must provide and how to prove it works: SYSC, the Training and Competence sourcebook, CPD hours, AML training, conduct rules and the Consumer Duty.
SEC Compliance Support for UK and International Firms
When UK and other non-US firms must register with the SEC, which exemptions apply, and what registered advisers must do: the $100 million threshold, the foreign private adviser test, Form ADV and broker-dealer status.
PRA Compliance Support for Dual-Regulated Firms
What the PRA expects of banks, building societies, insurers and designated investment firms: capital and liquidity, ICAAP and ORSA, governance, recovery and resolution, and the changes taking effect in 2027.
FCA Permissions Review: Aligning Authorisation to Actual Business Activity
Check that your FCA permissions match what the business actually does. Perimeter analysis, variation of permission and its statutory timing, requirements and limitations, unused permissions and cancellation explained.
FCA Policy and Compliance Monitoring Remediation
How FCA-regulated firms fix compliance failings so they stay fixed: policy framework redesign, monitoring that tests controls, root cause analysis and the evidence the FCA expects before it accepts closure.
FCA Regulatory Health Checks and Thematic Review Preparation
An FCA regulatory health check is an independent review of your compliance framework against the standard a supervisor would apply. Scope, method, thematic reviews, section 166 and the findings that recur.
Principal Self-Assessment and Appointed Representative Review: Obligations and Practical Framework
What a principal firm must do for its appointed representatives under SUP 12 as strengthened by PS22/11: due diligence, 30 days' advance notice, ongoing oversight, annual reporting and the board-approved self-assessment.
FCA Financial Crime Compliance: Requirements, Supervisory Expectations and Framework Design
The FCA's financial crime expectations in one guide: the legal sources, business-wide risk assessment, due diligence, transaction monitoring, sanctions screening, MLRO duties and the failure to prevent fraud offence.
FCA Compliance for UK Cryptoasset Firms: Authorisation, Regulated Activities and the New Regime
The UK cryptoasset regime in one place: the final FCA rules, the seven regulated activities, the application window that closes on 28 February 2027, capital and fees, and what happens to firms that apply late.
FCA Compliance for UK Insurers: Requirements, Supervisory Priorities and Practical Framework
What the FCA expects of insurers, intermediaries and MGAs in 2026: the 24 February 2026 priorities report, claims and delegated authority oversight, premium finance, the pure protection final report and the captive insurance consultation.
FCA Compliance for Electronic Money Institutions: Requirements, Safeguarding and Supervisory Expectations
What UK electronic money institutions must do in 2026: authorisation and capital, CASS 15 safeguarding, own funds under Method D, redemption rights, distributors, reporting and the FCA's payments priorities.
FCA Compliance for UK Payment Institutions: Requirements, Safeguarding and Supervisory Expectations
What UK payment institutions must do in 2026: authorisation and capital, CASS 15 safeguarding in force since 7 May 2026, the annual audit, agents, financial crime, incident reporting and the FCA's payments priorities.
FCA Compliance for UK Mortgage Providers: Requirements, Supervisory Priorities and Practical Framework
What the FCA expects of mortgage lenders and intermediaries in 2026: MCOB and the Consumer Duty, the 12 March 2026 priorities report, the CP26/18 Mortgage Rule Review proposals and the later life mortgages market study.
FCA Compliance for UK Wholesale Banking: Requirements, Supervisory Priorities and Practical Framework
What the FCA expects of wholesale banks in 2026: the rule sources, the 19 March 2026 priorities report, SM&CR phase 1 reforms, the PS26/15 transaction reporting reset and a practical compliance framework.
BNPL FCA Authorisation 2026/27: Requirements, Deadline and Application Guide
Interest-free buy now pay later, called deferred payment credit, has been FCA-regulated since 15 July 2026. Firms in the temporary permissions regime must apply for full authorisation by January 2027. Scope, exemptions and the application explained.
International Crypto Firms Entering the UK: FCA Authorisation and UK Presence Requirements
From 25 October 2027 an overseas crypto firm dealing with UK consumers needs FCA authorisation unless a UK-authorised firm sits in between. The FCA's final guidance in FG26/7 expects a UK legal entity in most cases. Routes, timing and costs explained.
FCA Crypto Prudential Requirements 2026: Capital and Financial Resource Rules Explained
How much capital a UK crypto firm needs under the FCA's final rules in PS26/12: permanent minimums by activity, the fixed overheads requirement, K-factors, capital quality and liquid assets, with worked examples.
Crypto Custody FCA Authorisation 2026: Requirements, Capital and Application Process
Safeguarding cryptoassets for UK clients needs FCA authorisation from 25 October 2027. The application window is open until 28 February 2027. CASS 17 custody rules, £150,000 capital, K-RCS and the application explained.
FCA Stablecoin Authorisation 2026: Requirements for UK Stablecoin Issuers
Issuing a qualifying stablecoin in the UK needs FCA authorisation from 25 October 2027. The application window is open now and closes on 28 February 2027. Capital, backing, redemption and fees explained from the final rules in PS26/10 and PS26/12.
Navigating EMI Distribution Networks and Agent Management in the UK
A UK EMI can distribute and redeem e-money through distributors and provide payment services through registered agents, but it can never issue e-money through them. This guide sets out the rules, the FCA registration process and the oversight the EMI must run.
Understanding Method D for Electronic Money Institution Own Funds Calculations
Method D sets an authorised EMI's own funds at 2% of its average outstanding e-money, with a €350,000 floor. This guide explains the legal basis, the averaging rule, worked examples and how it combines with Methods A to C.
PSD2 Strong Customer Authentication for Payment Institutions: A Comprehensive Guide
Strong customer authentication (SCA) requires two independent checks before most online payments in the UK. This guide sets out the current UK rules, the exemption limits in sterling and the March 2026 contactless change.
Sanctions Screening Obligations for UK Payment Institutions: A Comprehensive Guide
UK payment institutions must not make funds available to designated persons and must report suspected breaches to OFSI. Since 28 January 2026 the UK Sanctions List is the single source of UK designations. This guide covers screening scope, alerts, reporting and penalties.
Complaint Handling Requirements for Payment Institutions: A Comprehensive Guide
Payment and e-money complaints must get a final response within 15 business days, or 35 in exceptional cases with a holding reply. Other complaints have eight weeks. This guide sets out the DISP rules, the Ombudsman route and the annual complaints return.
Upgrading from Small Payment Institution (SPI) to Authorised Payment Institution (API): Process and Requirements
A small payment institution must apply to become an authorised payment institution within 30 days of no longer meeting its conditions, such as the €3 million monthly average. This guide covers the triggers, capital, safeguarding, the application and the FCA timetable.
Navigating Operational Resilience: A Comprehensive Guide for UK Payment Institutions
SYSC 15A applies to UK payment institutions and EMIs. Firms must identify important business services, set impact tolerances and show they can stay within them, which the FCA required by 31 March 2025. New incident reporting rules apply from 18 March 2027.
Opening a Safeguarding Account: A Practical Guide for UK Payment Institutions
A safeguarding account is a segregated account, at an approved bank or the Bank of England, that holds customers' money apart from the firm's own. This guide covers which banks qualify, the CASS 15 acknowledgement letter and the controls the FCA expects from day one.
Systems and Controls Requirements: A Deep Dive for Payment Institutions
A UK payment institution's systems and controls duties come from the PSRs 2017, the MLRs 2017, the Principles for Businesses, SYSC 15A and, since 7 May 2026, CASS 15. This guide maps each requirement to its source.
Customer Due Diligence Best Practice for Payment Institutions
Payment institutions and EMIs must apply customer due diligence under regulations 27 and 28 of the Money Laundering Regulations 2017, scaled to risk. This guide covers when CDD applies, SDD and EDD triggers, the 2026 changes and record keeping.
Dormant Account Management for Payment Institutions: A Regulatory Deep Dive
UK law sets no dormancy period for payment or e-money accounts, but it does fix what happens to the money: it stays safeguarded, e-money stays redeemable at par for six years after the contract ends, and closures need 90 days' notice with reasons.
Wind-Down Planning for FCA-Authorised Payment Institutions: A Comprehensive Guide
The FCA expects every payment institution and EMI to keep a wind-down plan that shows how it would close in an orderly way and return all customer funds. This guide sets out what the plan must contain and how it links to the CASS 10A resolution pack.
Navigating Capital Adequacy for UK Payment Institutions
A UK authorised payment institution needs €20,000, €50,000 or €125,000 of initial capital depending on its services, and must hold own funds at least equal to the higher of that figure and its Method A, B or C calculation under Schedule 3 to the PSRs 2017.
PSD3 and PSR1: What UK Payment Firms Should Know
The EU agreed PSD3 and the Payment Services Regulation in November 2025 and published the final texts in April 2026. They will apply 21 months after entry into force. UK firms with EU entities or EU customers need to plan now.
Investment Firm Prudential Regime (IFPR). A Practical Overview
The Investment Firm Prudential Regime (IFPR) has set the capital, liquidity and remuneration rules for UK MiFID investment firms since 1 January 2022. This guide explains classification, own funds, ICARA and reporting in plain terms.
FCA Financial Promotions Rules for Payment Firms
Marketing of payment services and e-money is generally outside the section 21 FSMA financial promotion restriction, but payment institutions and EMIs must still communicate in a way that is clear, fair and not misleading under Principle 7 and the Consumer Duty. Cryptoasset promotions are different.
Consumer Credit Authorisation: FCA Application Guide 2026
Any firm lending, broking or collecting consumer credit in the UK needs FCA authorisation. The fee runs from £560 for limited permission to £11,260 for high-cost lending, and the FCA must decide a complete application within six months.
Digital Settlement Assets: UK Regulatory Framework Explained
The UK has moved from the digital settlement asset framework in FSMA 2023 to a full regime for stablecoins. From 25 October 2027 issuing a qualifying stablecoin in the UK is an FCA-authorised activity, and systemic sterling stablecoins come under the Bank of England.
EMI Passporting Post-Brexit: Alternatives for UK Firms
UK EMIs lost EU passporting rights on 1 January 2021. To serve EU customers a UK firm now needs its own EU licence, usually through a subsidiary, or a regulated EU partner. This guide compares the routes and what PSD3 changes.
Client Money Audits for Payment Firms: What to Expect
Since 7 May 2026 authorised payment institutions and EMIs need an annual safeguarding audit under SUP 3A unless they safeguarded no more than £100,000 throughout at least 53 weeks. This guide covers scope, deadlines and the findings auditors raise most often.
Outsourcing Obligations for Payment Institutions and EMIs Under FCA Rules
A UK payment institution must tell the FCA before it outsources any operational function of its payment services, and outsourcing of important functions must meet five statutory conditions. This guide sets out the rules and what the FCA expects in practice.
FCA Change in Control Notifications for Payment Institutions and EMIs
Anyone acquiring 10% or more of a UK payment institution or EMI, or moving up a control band, must notify the FCA and receive approval first. The FCA has 60 working days to assess a complete notice.
FCA Annual Fees for Payment Institutions and EMIs: What Firms Pay and Why
FCA periodic fees for payment institutions and EMIs are set in FEES 4 Annex 11. For 2026/27 a small payment institution pays a flat £652, a small EMI £1,432, and authorised firms pay at least £628 plus tariffs on income or e-money outstanding.
AML Risk Assessment for Payment Institutions: A Practical Step-by-Step Guide
Every UK payment institution and EMI must carry out a written business-wide risk assessment under regulation 18 of the Money Laundering Regulations 2017. This guide sets out a five-step method that meets FCA expectations.
Cross-Border Payment Regulation in the UK: A Framework Guide for Payment Firms
The layered rules for UK payment firms sending money across borders: licensing, wire transfer data, correspondent due diligence, sanctions, agents, EU access and the changes ahead.
RegTech Adoption for Payment Institutions: A Practical Guide
Where RegTech helps payment institutions most, the outsourcing rules that apply, how to assess vendors and the 2026 and 2027 changes that affect compliance technology.
FCA Whistleblowing Obligations for Payment Institutions and EMIs
SYSC 18 binds banks and insurers, not payment institutions or EMIs. What does apply to PIs and EMIs, how PIDA protects their staff, and how to build whistleblowing arrangements that work.
Open Finance in the UK: The FCA's Smart Data Roadmap and What It Means for Firms
Open finance extends data sharing beyond payment accounts. The FCA's April 2026 roadmap, the law behind it, the first use cases and what payment firms, EMIs and banks should prepare.
FCA Appointed Representative Regime: Obligations for Payment Institution Principals
How the FSMA appointed representative regime applies to payment institutions that act as principals, what PS22/11 requires, and how HM Treasury's 2026 proposals could change it.
Consumer Credit Act Reform 2026: Key Changes Every Lender Must Know
HM Treasury confirmed in May 2026 how the Consumer Credit Act 1974 will be reformed. What is repealed, what stays, how the FCA takes over and what lenders should do now.
FCA Skilled Person Reviews (Section 166): What Firms Should Expect
A section 166 skilled person review is one of the FCA's most used supervisory tools. What triggers one, how the skilled person is appointed, what it costs and how firms should respond.
Crypto Travel Rule Compliance in the UK: A Practical Guide for Firms
What the UK crypto travel rule in Part 7A of the MLRs requires, the £800 threshold, unhosted wallet and sunrise issues, and how it fits the new FCA regime.
EMD3 and PSD3: What the EU's New Payment Framework Means for UK EMIs
The EU has agreed PSD3 and the Payment Services Regulation, which repeal the Electronic Money Directive. What changes for e-money, when, and what it means for UK EMIs serving EU customers.
Investment Firm Prudential Regime (IFPR): Ongoing Obligations and Common Compliance Gaps
A practical guide to ongoing IFPR compliance: own funds, K-factors, liquidity, the ICARA process, the correct MIFIDPRU returns and the most common gaps.
FCA Expectations for Complaints Handling in Payment Firms: A Practical Guide
How DISP applies to payment institutions and EMIs: response deadlines, holding responses, the annual complaints return, Ombudsman referral and root cause analysis.
Does SM&CR Apply to Payment Institutions and EMIs? Senior Management Accountability Explained
Pure payment institutions and EMIs sit outside SM&CR. What the PSRs 2017 and EMRs 2011 require of directors and managers instead, and when SM&CR does apply.
Becoming an EMI Agent: Updated FCA Requirements and Compliance Obligations
What an EMI agent can do under the Electronic Money Regulations 2011, how registration works, the FCA's two-month decision deadline and how to choose a principal.
Appointed Representative Regime: FCA Crackdown and What Principals Must Do
How principals must oversee appointed representatives under PS22/11, what to report in REP025, and what HM Treasury's 2026 consultation on reforming the regime proposes.
FCA Authorisation Timelines in 2026: What Applicants Should Realistically Expect
The FCA's statutory deadlines and published 2026 targets for payment, e-money, cryptoasset and FSMA applications, and what makes a complete application move quickly.
Passporting After Brexit: How UK Payment Institutions Can Access EU Markets
UK payment institutions lost EU passporting rights on 31 December 2020. How to regain EU access through an EU licence: the rules, capital, decision times and the effect of PSD3.
MiCA vs UK Cryptoasset Regime: A Practical Comparison for Firms Operating in Both Markets
A requirement-by-requirement comparison of MiCA and the UK's FSMA cryptoasset regime, updated for the FCA's June 2026 final rules and the end of MiCA transitional periods.
Open Banking and PSD3: What UK Payment Firms Should Prepare For
The EU agreed PSD3 and the Payment Services Regulation in November 2025, while UK open banking moves to commercial VRP and a new FCA framework. What UK payment firms should prepare for.
FCA Regulatory Sandbox for Stablecoins: How to Apply and What to Expect
The FCA ran a stablecoin cohort in its Regulatory Sandbox, with four firms testing from early 2026. How the cohort worked, how to apply to the sandbox today and how it connects to authorisation.
Critical Third-Party Oversight: What the New UK Regime Means for EMIs and PIs
HM Treasury designated the first four critical third parties in July 2026. What the regime means for EMIs and payment institutions, and the third-party register due from March 2027.
Operational Resilience for Payment Firms: Meeting FCA Expectations in 2026
How SYSC 15A applies to payment institutions and EMIs, what changed after the 31 March 2025 deadline, and the new incident and third-party reporting rules from 18 March 2027.
Transaction Monitoring for Payment Institutions: FCA Expectations After Recent Enforcement
The legal basis for transaction monitoring under the MLRs 2017, how to design and calibrate rules, how to handle alerts, and what recent FCA fines show about getting it wrong.
AML Compliance Failures: Why the FCA Is Issuing Large Fines and How to Avoid Them
Financial crime failures drove the FCA's largest fines in 2024 and 2025. What went wrong at Nationwide, Barclays, Monzo, Starling and Metro Bank, and how payment firms avoid the same failures.
Lessons from FCA Enforcement Actions in 2025: What Payment Firms Can Learn
The FCA's published fines for 2025 total £124.2 million. The largest were for financial crime control failures that payment institutions and EMIs must avoid too.
Consumer Duty Outcomes Monitoring: How the FCA Is Testing Payment Firms in 2026
How payment and e-money firms should monitor Consumer Duty outcomes in 2026: the four outcomes, the data to track, the annual board report and what the FCA has found.
FCA Retail Banking Regulatory Priorities 2026: Key Themes for Banks and Building Societies
What the FCA's March 2026 Retail Banking Regulatory Priorities report asks of banks and building societies, from access to cash and savings value to fraud, resilience and the dates ahead.
FCA Regulatory Priorities 2026: What Payment Institutions Should Focus On
What the FCA's March 2026 Payments Regulatory Priorities report asks of payment and e-money firms, from CASS 15 safeguarding and wind-down plans to fraud, the Consumer Duty and stablecoins.
From MLR to FSMA: How to Transition Your Cryptoasset Business to Full FCA Authorisation
How UK cryptoasset firms registered under the Money Laundering Regulations move to full FSMA authorisation before the new regime starts on 25 October 2027.
UK Stablecoin Regulation in 2026: What Issuers and Payment Firms Must Prepare For
The UK stablecoin rules are now final. What issuers need for the new FCA permission, how backing and redemption work, the Bank of England regime for systemic coins and what payment firms should do.
How to Become a Payment Institution Agent: A Complete Guide
How a business becomes an agent of a UK payment institution, the due diligence the principal will run, how FCA registration works and the duties that follow.
Removing FCA Permissions: Voluntary Variation and Cancellation of Authorisation
How an FCA-regulated firm removes some permissions or cancels its authorisation, the wind-down plan the FCA expects, what happens to customer funds and the decision timeline.
Variation of Permission: FCA Process, Requirements and Timelines
When an FCA-authorised firm needs a variation of permission, what to submit through Connect, the statutory deadlines for a decision and how to avoid the common delays.
Third-Party and Outsourcing Due Diligence Under FCA SYSC 8: Requirements and Best Practice
What SYSC 8 and the payment services rules require before and after outsourcing, the contract terms to include and the third-party reporting rules that start on 18 March 2027.
Agent and Distributor Due Diligence for Payment Firms: FCA Requirements
What UK payment institutions and e-money institutions must check before appointing agents and distributors, how agent registration works and how to monitor them afterwards.
Regulatory Due Diligence in UK Financial Services: A Comprehensive Guide
What regulatory due diligence covers for UK financial services firms, how it is carried out, the red flags that matter and how findings feed price and deal terms.
Post-Acquisition Compliance Integration for FCA-Regulated Firms
How to plan and run compliance integration after buying an FCA-regulated firm, from senior manager approvals and policy alignment to safeguarding, systems migration and FCA updates.
Acquiring an FCA-Regulated Firm: Regulatory Due Diligence Checklist
A practical regulatory due diligence checklist for buying an FCA-regulated firm, from permissions and compliance history to safeguarding, capital and the change in control notice.
Change of Control for FCA-Regulated Firms: Process, Requirements & Timelines
Who must notify the FCA before buying into a regulated firm, the control thresholds for each firm type, the 60 working day assessment and how to avoid delays.
Regulatory Reporting Automation: How RegTech Can Reduce Risk and Cost
How FCA-regulated firms can automate regulatory reporting, from the monthly safeguarding return to complaints data, and how to choose and roll out a RegTech tool safely.
FCA Regulatory Reporting Requirements: A Complete Guide for Firms
Which FCA returns each type of firm submits through RegData, the due dates set in SUP 16 and DISP, the late submission fee and the reporting changes due in 2027.
Outsourced Compliance Audit: When and How to Use External Providers
When an FCA-regulated firm should use an external compliance audit provider, the outsourcing rules that apply, how to select one and how to keep oversight.
Common FCA Compliance Audit Findings and How to Remediate Them
The findings that recur in compliance audits of FCA-regulated firms, from AML and CASS 15 safeguarding to the Consumer Duty and complaints, and how to fix each one.
Compliance Audit for FCA-Regulated Firms: Planning, Scope & Best Practice
How FCA-regulated firms plan, scope, test and report a compliance audit, including the mandatory annual safeguarding audit for payment and e-money firms.
Designing an Effective AML Training Programme for FCA-Regulated Firms
What regulation 24 of the Money Laundering Regulations requires, who must be trained, how to build role-based content, how to test it and which records to keep.
SM&CR Fitness and Propriety: The Certification Regime Explained
How the SM&CR Certification Regime works after the April 2026 PS26/6 reforms: who must be certified, the fitness and propriety test, regulatory references and the planned legislative change.
Training and Competence Requirements for FCA-Regulated Firms: A Complete Guide
What the FCA training and competence rules require, who the TC sourcebook covers, CPD hours, supervision of trainees and how long records must be kept.
Safeguarding and Insolvency: How Customer Funds Are Protected When Firms Fail
How UK safeguarding protects customer funds when a payment institution or EMI becomes insolvent, what the Court of Appeal decided in Ipagoo, and how the CASS 15 rules in force since 7 May 2026 change the picture.
Fraud Prevention and APP Scams: What UK Payment Firms Must Do
How UK payment firms should approach fraud prevention obligations, including the mandatory APP scam reimbursement regime and FCA expectations for fraud controls.
Sanctions Compliance for UK Financial Services Firms. A Practical Guide
How UK financial services firms should design and maintain sanctions compliance programmes, covering screening, governance and OFSI reporting obligations.
Designing an AML/CFT Framework. A Guide for FCA-Regulated Firms
How to design and implement an effective anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorist-financing framework that satisfies FCA expectations.
Consumer Duty Compliance. A Practical Implementation Guide for Regulated Firms
How regulated firms should implement and evidence Consumer Duty compliance, covering fair value assessments, outcome monitoring and board attestation.
Building a Compliance Monitoring Programme: FCA Requirements & Best Practice
How to design and implement an effective compliance monitoring programme that satisfies FCA expectations and genuinely reduces regulatory risk.
Passporting and Cross-Border Licensing Post-Brexit: UK Firms' Options
How UK financial services firms can serve EU/EEA customers after the loss of passporting rights, including subsidiary options, equivalence and reverse solicitation.
FCA Authorisation: Step-by-Step Guide to the Application Process
A detailed walkthrough of the FCA authorisation process: from pre-application planning through to determination and post-authorisation obligations.
SM&CR for Investment Firms: Senior Managers & Certification Regime Guide
How the Senior Managers and Certification Regime applies to UK investment firms: responsibilities, certification requirements and conduct rules explained.
IFPR Capital Requirements. A Practical Guide for UK Investment Firms
A practical breakdown of the Investment Firms Prudential Regime capital requirements, including K-factors, the ICARA process and common compliance challenges.
FCA Authorisation for Investment Firms. A Complete UK Guide
Everything you need to know about obtaining FCA authorisation as an investment firm in the UK, including MiFID activities, capital requirements and the IFPR.
Buy Now Pay Later Regulation in the UK: What BNPL Firms Must Do Now
UK Buy Now Pay Later lending became FCA-regulated on 15 July 2026. This guide explains who is caught, the temporary permissions regime, the six-month authorisation window and the rules that now apply.
Affordability and Responsible Lending: FCA Requirements for UK Credit Firms
How UK consumer credit firms should design and implement affordability assessment frameworks that meet FCA expectations and avoid enforcement action.
Consumer Credit: FCA Authorisation Guide for UK Lenders and Brokers
A comprehensive guide to FCA authorisation for consumer credit activities, including lending, brokerage, debt collection and credit information services.
High-Risk Jurisdictions and MSB Compliance: What UK Firms Must Know
How UK MSBs should manage remittance corridors to high-risk jurisdictions while maintaining FCA compliance and managing financial crime risk.
AML Compliance for Money Services Businesses: Practical UK Guide
How UK money services businesses can build and maintain effective AML compliance programmes that satisfy the FCA and avoid enforcement action.
Money Services Business Registration in the UK: HMRC, the FCA and What Applies
Which UK regulator registers a money services business, when FCA payment services permission is also needed, and what the Money Laundering Regulations require before and after registration.
Consumer Duty for Banks and Payment Firms: What the FCA Now Expects
The FCA Consumer Duty is now fully in force: what banks, payment institutions and EMIs must deliver across the four outcomes, and what the FCA has criticised so far.
UK vs Lithuanian Banking Licence: Which Is Right for Your Business?
Comparing UK and Lithuanian banking licences: regulatory approach, capital requirements, timelines, market access and which is right for your fintech banking strategy.
How to Apply for a UK Banking Licence: What the PRA and FCA Require
The complete guide to UK banking licence applications: dual PRA/FCA regulation, the mobilisation stage, capital requirements, threshold conditions and realistic timelines.
FCA Cryptoasset Financial Promotions Rules: What Every UK Crypto Firm Must Know
The FCA's cryptoasset financial promotions regime under PS23/6: mandatory risk warnings, approval categories, common violations and enforcement consequences.
EMI vs Payment Institution Licence: Which Does Your Business Need?
Understanding the fundamental legal and commercial differences between EMI and payment institution authorisation, and how to determine which your business requires.
Lithuania vs Ireland for a Payment Institution Licence: Which Should You Choose?
A practical comparison of Lithuania and Ireland for an EU payment institution licence: regulator timelines, capital, substance expectations and passporting after Brexit.
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